Bitter gourd

CHANGKHA

Scientific name : Momordica charantia

Mizo : Changkha

Hindi : Karela

English : Bitter gourd

Changkha hian Iron, vit: A, B and C a pai tam em em a chubakah Protene leh minerals taksa tana kan hmuhtheihna man tlawm tak a ni. Thisen hrisello, ruhseh, zunthlum leh Ashma tan a tha bawk.

Sik leh sa :

            Ram lumah atha duh ber a, mahse hmun hrang hrangah pawh a chin theih. Temp 25°C - 30°C hi a ngeih tawka ngaih a ni. Temp 18°C aia hniamah chuan a thang muangin a rah a tha thin lo. 36°C aia a san chuan a nu par a tlem bikin a rah tam thinlo a ni.

Leilung :

            Khawi hmunah pawh a chin theih a, lei dur thatna hmun, luipuiin leitha a chhekna hmunahte hian a tha duh hle.

A chin dan :

            Tlang ramah chuan April - July ah an ching ber a, phai lamah chuan January - March, a vawihnihna chu June - July ah a ni thung. 

A chi chu 4 - 5 kg / Ha a tawk. A chi chu Thiram 2 gm / 1 kg ah chiah in darkar 6 vel chiah tur a ni. Chu chuan a ti to hma bakah natna lakah a veng ang. Khawvawtah chuan  a tiak har deuh thin a, 25 - 35°C ah a tiaktha duh ber. 8°C aia hnuaiah leh 40°C aia sangah a tiaktha thei lo.

 Bikhatah 4 in an tuh thin a, a tiah hunah suatthen lehin 2 - 3 vel bikhatah an dah thin. Polythene bag ah pawh kui tiah theih a ni a, ni 15 - 20 velah an phunsawn leh thin.

Lei buatsaih dan leh leitha mamawh zat :

Uluktaka a phunna tur hi buatsaih tue a ni a. Leilet hmun zawlah chuan 4 - 5 vel lehphut tur a ni a, FYM 20 – 25 ton / Ha lehhnan tur a ni. NPK 100 : 50 : 50 / Ha pektur a ni a. N hi hmunhnihah  then a pakhat zawk chu leitha dangte nen a rual a lehhnan tur a ni a, a dang leh chu a par lai (ni 45 - 50) ah pek leh tur a ni ( a litha mamawh zat hi a leilung a zirin a danglam).

Pit method :

Khur 45 cm X 45cm X 45 cm a zau 2 m danah laihtur a ni.  20 g of N, 30 g of P and 30 g of K chu leichunglang nen chawhpawlh a khurah hnawhkhah tur a ni. A par hnu (45 – 50 days)-ah 20 g of N / pit pek lehtur a ni.

A seng :

Changkha hi, ni 45 - 55 ah a par  tlangpui a a variety a zir te a phun hun leh a leilung a zir tein ni 60 - 70 ah a rah a lawhtheih tlangpui.

A rahno ei a tan an seng ber a, a lawh tlakhmasa a piang lawhnghal zel hian a rah a ti pungin a tithar tam a dahkhawl chuan a rah dang rawn insiamtur a ti tlai thin.

A thar theih zat :

            Ni 60 -70 ah a thar trlangpui a, a rahte hi lawh zawh veleh silfai a dah hul tur a ni. 150 Qntl / Ha a thar thei a, a variety leh a leithat dan a zirin a danglam thei bawk.

Table: Cost of cultivation bitter gourd

Post Harvest Management:

Bitter gourd

            A par  atanga ni 12 ah a lawh theih tlangpui thin. Room temperature (25-30°C) ah chuan ni 3-6 vel a dahthat theih a. 12^oC –ah  Ethylene   tlem nen pawlh a tuam phui chuan ni 10  vel a dahthat theih a. 12°C.-ah  1-MCP (250 ppm)  nen a polythene bag a dah erawh chuan ni 14 vel lai a dahthat theih thung.

Thlai ven him dan:

Rannnung:

Red pumpkin beetle (Aulacophora foveicollis, A. lewisii):

A khawih chhiat dan tlangpui:

• A puithing chuan a hnah, apar leh kuhmum te a ei thin.
• A tetlai (Grubs) huan a zung leh a kung a ei chhe thin.
• A puithling chuan a hnah, a par leh a rah te a eichhe thin a, kua-te hreuhin a tih hlum loh vek pawhin a than a ti thu thin.

• A zung leh kung thi te chu a lo tawih nghal mai thin.
•  

A enkawl dan:

• Seng hnu ah a hnah tla awmte halfai a, lei leh phut a nisa hem tir tein a natna a thentir nep thei.
• Rannung  lo awm hmasa apiangte chu man khawm a tih hlum zel tur.
• 0.05% malathion a kah emaw 5% malathion dust @ 10 kg/ha a theh tur.

Melon Fruit fly (Dacus cucurbitae)

A khawih chhiat dan tlangpui:

• March-May thla vel ah an che nasa zual.
• A rah a khawih ber thin.
• Rannung senduk deuh a thla hmawr dum deuh niin, a rah kawr chhung lamah a tui thin.
•  A rah a khawihte chu an lo tawih nghal mai thin a, ,ei a tan a tlak loh nghal mai thin.

• A rahte chuan a rawn duk bial deuh a, rawn tawihin a hun loah a til vak thin.

A enkawl dan:

•  A hmun chu fai tak a dah tur a ni(a rah tla leh a ei chhiat te nitin a paih a halfai tur).
• Thuk deuh a lei leh a a chhunga rannung awm te tih hlum tur.
• 0.05% malathion or 0.2% carbaryl a apar lai a kah tur.

Blister beetle (Mylabris pustulata)

A khawih chhiat dan tlangpui:

• August to December thla vel ah an che nasa zual.

• Rannung, rawng dum a  spot lian lutuklo ania, pollen leh a parte an ei a, a rah in siam tur a khawih buai thin.

A enkawl dan:

• Man khawm a tih hlum tur.

• 4% Carbaryl a theh emaw 0.05% Malathion kah tur.

Aphids(Aphis gossypii)

A khawih chhiat dan tlangpui:

•  A note leh  a puitkingte chuan a huho in a hnah leh a kuangno te chu beiin, a tuihnang an hip thin.

• A hnahte lo kirin a lo ro thin.

A enkawl dan:

• A lan tirhah an awmna hnah leh kuangte chu paih bio nghal tur.

• 0.02% Pyrethrins or 0.05% Malathion or Dichlorvoe (DDVP) a kah tur.

Mites (Tetranychus cucurbitae)

A khawih chhiat dan tlangpui:

• A huhoin a hnah an zuk thin a, ril (web) te takte in an in venghim thin.

• A hnahte lo vuaiin an lo ro mai thin.

A enkawl dan:

• 0.05% wettable sulphur a kah tur.

Natna:

Powdery Mildew(Vut buak):

            A natna thlentu chu  Erysiphe cichoracearum  a ni a, Fanghma te, Dawnfawh, Mai leh Iskut te pawh hm,uh tur a tam hle. A hnah chung lama vut buak awmte kha a natna thlentu chu ani a, a ler lam atawngin a bei tan a, a lo vuaiin a thi mai thin. 

Management: 

• Thlai chin thlak (Crop rotate) tur.
• Dinocap(0.1%) or Wettable sulphur (0.2%) or Calixin (0.5%)  in  vawi 2-3in  ni 10 dan-ah a lo lan chhuah atangin kah tur.

Downy Mildew: 

           A natna thlentu chu fungus Pseudoperonospora cubensis a nia  Ahnah hnuailamah vut buak a lo awm thin. Hmun hnawngah a nasa duh thin,  a nasat chuan a hnah te chuan an thih phah thin a a hnah upa lam  atangin a no lamah a kai chho thin. 

A enkawl dan:

• A hnah a ei chhiat deuh tawhte chu paih a, a dawmdawiin a vennan kah nghal tur. 
• Mancozeb (0.2%)in ni 8-10 danah kah thin tur.

Anthracnose: 

           Anthracnose, thlentu chu  fungus Colletotrichum lagenarium,  a nia Fanghma, dawnfawh leh hmazil te pawh a bei thin. A hnahte chu a lo eng deuh thet thet a lo lian zelin  rang takin a lo buang/uk a chu lai chu a lo kaw (hole) thin. A rah ah te in sawn thla in a a ti chhe thin.  Arah lian tah chu a khawih nep deuh a, a then lai chu lo dukin, a tui sen deuh a lo chhuak thin 

A enkawl dan:

• Mancozeb (0.2%) or Hexacap(0.25%)or carbendazim(0.1%) in ni 15 danah kah thin tur.

Mosaic Viruses: 

           Fanghma,Dawnfawh, Hmazil. Iskut te a bei bawk.. Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV), Watermelon Mosaic-2 (WM-2) and Squash Mosaic Virus (SqMV) te hi a larzual te an ni. heng natna in akhawihte chu an thang theilo a, a hnah tharte pawh an lo te in an tawi bik a ni. Dawnfawh leg Fanghma a CMV in a a hnah thar a khawihte chu   an vuaiin an thi mai thin a, a hnah upa deuhte erawh chu an engin an roa zawi zawiin an thi thin. CMV and WM-2  hrikte hi thlasik lo tuar chhuakin thlai kumhlunah te lo kaiin  aphid in pu darh  lehin  thlai dang emaw phun thar ho kha  an bei leh thin. SqMV te chuan thlasik tuar chhuakin a chi (seed)  kaltlangin phun thar ho an bei leh bawk. CMV  hi a tlangpuiin aphod leh cucumber beetles ten an thehdarh a, WM-2  hi  aphids- in, SqMV hi  cucumber beetles leh hnathawktu ten an thehdarh thin.

A enkawl dan:

•  Hnim dang heng natna kai theiho te chu thenfai tur. 
• Thlai pakhat chauh ching ngawr ngawr loin  chin karthlak tur.
• Cucurbitaceous  family ho chu   regular-in lo pakhatah chin ngawr ngawr loh tur.
•  Diamehoate (0.05%) or Oxy demeton methyl (0.02%) – in  kar danah kah tur.
• Thlai dang  heng natna lo dal theitu tur  eg Nihawi te a hualin chin thin tur.            

Table: Cost of cultivation bitter gourd